Spacecraft cellular communication system

ABSTRACT

A satellite (S/C) cellular commsystem includes user terminals (UT) for transmitting to, &amp; receiving signals from the S/C, and includes gateways for transmitting to the S/C. The gateways receive and distribute signals from the S/C. Each gateway identifies itself to a UT by use of a location area identity signal, including codes representing (a) the gateway residence country, (b) the system with which the gateway is associated, and (c) the antenna beam on which service is provided. A network controller (NC 18) transmits location area identity codes, representing (a) the identity of the S/C communication system, (b) the satellite carrying the control signal, and (c) the particular antenna beam on which the control signal is transmitted. The UTs store the location area identity signals, and further include a comparator for comparing the identity signals received from the NCC with the stored identity signals. If they are the same, no update is required. If they are different, the UT requests access from the NCC. Upon receiving access, the UT transmits to a gateway the current location area identity, and also updates its own memory, so that at the next turn-on the UT is likely to find that the codes match, and no update is required.

This patent application claims priority of provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/057,445, filed Sep. 3, 1997.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to cellular communications systems, and more particularly to such systems which provide coverage of a region by way of a spacecraft.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Mobile cellular communication systems have become of increasing importance, providing mobile users the security of being able to seek aid in case of trouble, allowing dispatching of delivery and other vehicles with little wasted time, and the like. Present cellular communication systems use terrestrial transmitters, such as fixed sites or towers, to define each cell of the system, so that the extent of a particular cellular communication system is limited by the region over which the towers are distributed. Many parts of the world are relatively inaccessible, or, as in the case of the ocean, do not lend themselves to location of a plurality of dispersed cellular sites. In these regions of the world, spacecraft-based communication systems may be preferable to terrestrial-based systems. It is desirable that a spacecraft cellular communications system adhere, insofar as possible, to the standards which are common to terrestrial systems, and in particular to such systems as the GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS system (GSM), which is in use in Europe.

The GSM system is a cellular communications system which communicates with user terminals by means of electromagnetic transmissions from, and receptions of such electromagnetic signals at, fixed sites or towers spaced across the countryside. The GSM system is described in detail in the text The GSM System for Mobile Communications, subtitled A Comprehensive Overview of the European Digital Cellular System, authored by Michel Mouly and Marie-Bernadette Pautet, and published in 1992 by the authors, at 4, rue Elisee Reclus, F-91120 Palaiseau, France. Another text that describes the GSM system is Mobile Radio Communications, by Raymond Steele, published by Pentech Press, London, ISBN 0-7273-1406-8. Each fixed site or tower (tower) of the GSM system includes transmitter and receiver arrangements, and communicates with user terminals by way of signals having a bandwidth of 50 Mhz., centered on 900 Mhz., and also by way of signals having a bandwidth of 150 Mhz., centered on 1800 Mhz.

A cellular communication system should provide communications to a terrestrial or land-line exchange from a mobile user terminal, and the terrestrial system should be able to reach a particular mobile user terminal regardless of the location of the mobile terminal (regardless of which cell the mobile station occupies). In the GSM system, each fixed site transmits a unique control signal, including a Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH), which in turn includes System Information Messages, which in turn includes Mobile Country Code (MCC), Mobile Network Code (MNC), and Location Area Code (LAC). The MCC identifies the country in which the fixed site or cell Is located, the MNC identifies the "owner," which is the administrator or provider which maintains the particular cell which transmits the BCCH, and the LAC identifies the particular cell which makes the transmission. These three signals are referred to together as Location Area Identity (LAI). The mobile user terminal stores the Location Area Identity (LAI) from a previous transmission, so the previous LAI is available to the user terminal at all times.

The provider must know the current location of the user terminal, in order to provide service to someone seeking access to the mobile user terminal without polling every possible cell in which the user terminal might be located. In general, if the user terminal is not located in the same cell as that from which it made its last transmission, it may be anywhere in the system. In the GSM system, if a mobile station moves from a location near a first fixed site to another site, without more, service would be lost, because in the overlap region between cells, the frequency of the transmissions from a second fixed site, being at different frequencies from those of the first fixed site, would not be recognized by the mobile user terminal.

When a GSM user terminal is energized in order to make a transmission, it first scans frequency to identify all control carriers or fixed sites which it can receive. It then selects the "best" one, which may be the one providing the greatest signal strength, or best signal-to-noise ratio, or the like. It then examines the LAI of that particular carrier, and receives the new LAI from the selected fixed site. The mobile station then compares the stored LAI with the newly received LAI. If the mobile user terminal is still within the broadcast area of the same fixed site as that with which it last communicated, the new and stored LAI will match. Since the mobile user terminal has not moved since the last communication, the overall system already knows its location and identity. In that event, the user terminal can provide service (make telephone calls) immediately, because the fixed site is already aware of the existence of the mobile user terminal within its broadcast cell. On the other hand, if the user has moved the mobile terminal to a new location, as by driving along a highway, the LAI codes at initial turn-on won't match, because some aspect of the currently received LAI will differ from the stored value. In other words, at least the LAC, which identifies the fixed site, will have changed, the provider may have changed, and if a national boundary has been crossed, the MCC may also have changed. In the event that the mobile user terminal finds that the stored and newly received LAI do not match, it begins an update procedure, by requesting access with the current serving cell. Once access is granted by assigning a carrier frequency and a time multiplexing pattern on that frequency, the user terminal automatically sends a location update request message. The network then examines the location update request message, to identify the user terminal's home network, and to verify the legitimacy of the user's service. This examination involves, inter alia, accessing a database at the user terminal's home network, and advising the home network of the new location of the user terminal. Once service or roaming is authorized, the network sends a Location Updating Accept signal to the user terminal, which signal contains the new LAI of the fixed site. The user terminal then updates its stored LAI value for future use, and is ready to provide service by way of the particular fixed site with which it is communicating.

In the GSM system, if a phone call is made to the user terminal's home network, requesting access to the particular mobile user terminal, the home network's database knows the current cell location of the particular user, and can direct the call to the appropriate fixed site, without polling all possible fixed sites to try to locate the user terminal.

It has been discovered that the above-described cellular communication system cannot be used for a spacecraft cellular communication system. More particularly, in a spacecraft-based cellular communications system, there are plural mobile stations which may move throughout the spacecraft coverage area, and there are also fixed ground-based stations or gateways, which allow the spacecraft to couple the signals from the mobile user terminals to stations on the terrestrial land-line system. In general, there are many such gateways, with plural gateways in at least some countries. For example, Indonesia is a nation which consists of an elongated chain of islands, and each island which requires service must have a ground-based gateway. In a spacecraft cellular communication system, each cell is associated with a particular antenna beam, all of which originate with the spacecraft. Consequently, when a mobile user terminal is initially energized, and scans frequency to determine what carrier signals it can receive, it finds that it can receive one or more control signal carriers, just as in the case of the GSM. The mobile user terminal then selects the best of the signals, and examines the LAI. Upon comparison of the LAI with the previous LAI, it may be found to be the same, or different. If the control signal carried or transmitted over one spot beam relates to a single one of the gateways, then a mobile user who is within a particular spot beam can communicate only with one gateway, namely that gateway which generates the control signals for that particular spot beam. This is very disadvantageous, because a mobile user who happens to be-within a particular spot beam, and who wishes to communicate with a particular country, may have to communicate by way of a third country within which the gateway associated with "his" spot beam lies. Similarly, a land-line user in a particular country, wishing to communicate with a particular mobile user terminal, would have to route his telephone call to that one of the gateways, wherever located, which was associated with the spot beam in which the user terminal was located. The difficulty of routing calls in this fashion is apparent, especially considering that the terrestrial caller might not know exactly where the mobile user terminal was located. In the case of a terrestrial caller located on an island with a single gateway, communication could not be routed by land lines to another gateway because there are no such land lines, and so communication could not be established with a mobile user terminal which was not in the spot beam associated with his island's gateway.

Improved spacecraft cellular communications systems are desired.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A satellite cellular communication system, using either TDMA and CDMA, includes a plurality of terrestrial mobile user terminals for transmitting signals to the satellite, and for receiving signals from the satellite. The communication system also includes a plurality of terrestrial gateways, for receiving signals from land lines and for transmitting the signals so received from land lines over uplink frequency bands to the satellite. The gateways also receive signals over downlink frequency bands from the satellite, and couple to land lines at least some of the signals so received from the satellite. Each of the gateways identifies itself to a user terminal with which it communicates by use of a unique location area identity signal including (a) a mobile country code representing the country within which the gateway resides, (b) a mobile network code representing the system with which the gateway is associated, and (c) location area code representing the particular antenna beam on which service is provided to the particular user terminal. The communication system also includes a satellite including a transmitting/receiving arrangement, and an antenna arrangement coupled to the transmitting/receiving arrangement. The antenna arrangement generates a plurality of antenna beams, each in a different direction, so that each antenna beam overlies a different terrestrial footprint. The transmitting/receiving arrangement and the antenna arrangement act together for receiving a plurality of carriers at different frequencies lying within one of the uplink bands from locations lying within the footprints, and for converting at least some sets of the plurality of carriers to different frequencies lying within a downlink frequency band, and for transmitting each of the downlink frequency bands on a particular one of the antenna beams. As a result, the satellite can communicate with gateways and mobile user terminals by way of antenna beams associated with footprints within which the gateways and user terminals, respectively, lie. The communication system also includes a network controller coupled to the satellite and to the gateways, for establishing the transmissions from the gateways to the satellite so that all control signals addressed to mobile user terminals lying within a particular antenna beam are transmitted at a particular frequency, and for, when the system uses TDMA, assigning particular time slots of the TDMA transmissions to particular ones of the gateways, and for, when the system uses the CDMA, assigning particular spreading codes of the CDMA transmissions to particular ones of the gateways, so that all gateways transmit at least some of those messages addressed to mobile user terminals within a particular antenna beam at a particular frequency, but in either a different TDMA time slot set or different CDMA spreading code from corresponding transmissions from others of the gateways, depending upon whether TDMA or CDMA is used. As a result, all transmissions addressed to a particular antenna beam arrive at the satellite at particular frequencies, but are separable by time slot in the case of TDMA or by spreading code in the case of CDMA. The frequency conversion at the satellite transmitter/receiver arrangement routes the transmissions to the appropriate one of the antenna beams. The network controller transmits location area identity signals include (a) satellite system country signals representing the identity of the satellite communication system, to distinguish it from other satellite communication systems which may serve the same region, (b) satellite network code signals, representing that one of the satellite of the satellite communication system over which the control signal is transmitted, and (c) location area code signals, representing the particular antenna beam on which the control signal is transmitted. At least some of the mobile user terminals further include temporary data stores for storing the mobile country code signals, mobile network code signals, location area code signals, satellite system country code signals, and satellite system network code signals, and further includes a comparison system for comparing the satellite system country code signals, the satellite network code signals, and the location area code signals stored in the temporary data stores with the satellite system country code signals, the satellite network code signals, and the location area code signals, respectively, received from the network control center in a current communication, and for, if they are not the same, requesting access to a gateway of the system from the network control center, and, upon receipt of a grant of access to a gateway, transmitting to the gateway the codes representing the current location area identity, and also updating the information stored in the temporary memory with the current satellite system country code signals, the satellite network code signals, the location area code signals, the mobile country code signals, and the mobile network code signals, whereby during the next access of the communication system by the mobile user terminal, the comparison system of the mobile user terminal is likely to find that the codes match, and require no update.

Also, in accordance with another aspect of the invention, a satellite cellular TDMA communication system comprises a plurality of terrestrial mobile user terminals for transmitting signals to the satellite, and for receiving signals from the satellite. The communication system also includes a plurality of terrestrial gateway terminals, for receiving signals from land lines, and transmitting the signals so received over uplink frequency bands to the satellite. The terrestrial gateway terminals also receive signals over downlink frequency bands from the satellite, and couple the signals so received to the land lines. A satellite used with the communication system includes a transmitting/receiving arrangement, and an antenna arrangement coupled to the transmitting/receiving arrangement. The antenna arrangement generates a plurality of beams, each in a different direction, so that each beam overlies a different terrestrial footprint, for receiving a plurality of carriers at different frequencies lying within one of the uplink bands, and for converting each of the plurality of carriers to a different frequency lying within a downlink frequency band, and for transmitting each of the downlink frequency bands on a particular one of the spot beams. Consequently, the satellite can communicate with gateways and mobile user terminals by way of antenna beams associated with footprints within which the gateways and user terminals, respectively, lie. The communication system also includes a network control arrangement coupled (by way of an up/downlink or by way of a gateway up/downlink) to the satellite and to the gateways, for establishing the transmissions from the gateways to the satellite in a manner such that all signals addressed to mobile user terminals lying within (either literally within the spot beam, as in the case of a flying vehicle, or within a footprint of the beam) a particular spot beam are transmitted at a particular frequency, and for assigning particular time slots of the TDMA transmissions to particular ones of the gateways, so that all gateways transmit those messages addressed to mobile user terminals within a particular spot beam at a particular frequency, but in different time slots from corresponding transmissions from others of the gateways. As a result of operation of the described system, all transmissions addressed to a particular spot beam arrive at the satellite at particular frequencies, and the frequency conversion at the satellite routes the transmissions to the appropriate one of the spot beams. The satellite of the system further includes, in a particular embodiment, a frequency-dependent channelizer coupled to the transmitting/receiving arrangement, for routing carrier signals at particular frequencies to particular ones of the beams. The channelizer may be controllable for routing signals from one of the carriers on one of the beams to another carrier on another one of the beams. In this embodiment, the network control center is coupled to the satellite for communication of control information therebetween. The network control center further generates a plurality of common control signals, and transmits the common control signals to the satellite on different carrier frequencies, whereby the satellite couples one of the common control signals over each of the beams. In this communication system, the user terminal identifies that one of the spot beams within which it lies by comparing the spot beam identification number with a predetermined stored number. If the newly received beam identification number is identical to the stored beam identification number, the user terminal immediately becomes available for service, while if the newly received and stored beam identification numbers are not identical, the user terminal transmits a signal to the satellite, indicating that the user terminal has moved from the spot beam associated with the stored beam identification number, and is now located in the spot beam associated with the newly received beam identification number.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram of a spacecraft cellular communications system, illustrating some antenna beams which define system cells, and the extent of footprints of antenna beams directed at the nadir and at the horizon;

FIG. 2 is a simplified diagram similar to FIG. 1, illustrating some of the signals which flow over the various antenna beams;

FIGS. 3a, 3b, and 3c are simplified time lines illustrating the durations of the return control signal TDMA receive slots, which depend upon the location of the footprint of the spot beam at locations close to nadir, between nadir and horizon, and near the horizon, respectively;

FIG. 4 is a simplified block diagram of a network control center for generating return control signal receive slots;

FIGS. 5a, 5b, and 5c together constitute a timeline illustrating the mapping of the forward control signals in the i^(th) control multiframe;

FIGS. 6a, 6b, and 6c illustrate three time-offset time lines;

FIG. 7a is a simplified flow chart illustrating logic for accomplishing the processing in the user terminal for purposes of the invention,

FIG. 7b is a simplified flow chart illustrating the logic in the network control center which interacts with the user terminal for purposes of location update, and

FIG. 7c is a simplified flow chart illustrating the operation of the logic in a selected gateway for communicating with the NCC and the user terminal for accomplishing user location update;

FIG. 8 is a simplified illustration of the relationship between the location area information signals of the network control center and the gateway

FIGS. 9a and 9b together constitute a simplified flow chart illustrating details of a portion of the processing of FIG. 7a in accordance with an aspect of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to cellular communications systems, and more particularly to such systems which provide coverage between terrestrial terminals in a region by way of a spacecraft, where some of the terrestrial terminals may be mobile terminals, and some may be gateways which link the cellular system with a terrestrial network such as a public switched telephone network (PSTN).

A salient feature of a spacecraft communication system is that all of the electromagnetic transmissions to the user terminals originate from one, or possibly a few, spacecraft. Consequently, the spacecraft communication antenna must form a plurality of beams, each of which is directed toward a different portion of the underlying target region, so as to divide the target area into cells. The cells defined by the beams will generally overlap, so that a user communication terminal may be located in one of the beams, or in the overlap region between two beams, in which case communication between the user communication terminal and the spacecraft is accomplished over one of the beams, generally that one of the beams which provides the greatest gain or signal power to the user terminal. Operation of spacecraft communication systems may be accomplished in many ways, among which is Time-Division Multiple Access, (TDMA), among which are those systems described, for example, in conjunction with U.S. Pat. No. 4,641,304, issued Feb. 3, 1987, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,688,213, issued Aug. 18, 1987, both in the name of Raychaudhuri. Spacecraft time-division multiple access communication systems are controlled by a controller which synchronizes the transmissions to account for propagation delay between the terrestrial terminals and the spacecraft, as is well known to those skilled in the art of time division multiple access systems. The control information, whether generated on the ground or at the spacecraft, is ultimately transmitted from the spacecraft to each of the user terminals. Consequently, some types of control signals must be transmitted continuously over each of the beams in order to reach all of the potential users of the system. More specifically, since a terrestrial terminal may begin operation at any random moment, the control signals must be present at all times in order to allow the terrestrial terminal to begin its transmissions or reception (come into time and control synchronism with the communication system) with the least delay.

When the spacecraft is providing cellular service over a large land mass, many cellular beams may be required. In one embodiment of the invention, the number of separate spot beams is one hundred and forty. As mentioned above, each beam carries control signals. These signals include frequency and time information, broadcast messages, paging messages, and the like. Some of these control signals, such as synchronization signals, are a prerequisite for any other reception, and so may be considered to be most important. When the user communication terminal is synchronized, it is capable of receiving other signals, such as paging signals.

Communication spacecraft are ordinarily powered by electricity derived from solar panels. Because the spacecraft may occasionally go into eclipse, the spacecraft commonly includes rechargeable batteries and control arrangements for recharging the batteries when the power available from the solar panels exceeds the power consumed by the spacecraft payload. When a large number of cellular beams are produced by the antenna, a correspondingly large number of control signals must be transmitted from the spacecraft. When one hundred and forty beams are transmitted, one hundred and forty control signals must be transmitted. When the power available from the solar panels is divided among the "traffic" or information-and-data transmission channels of the spacecraft, the power available to the synchronization and paging signals may be at a level such that a user communication terminal in an open-air location may respond, but a similar terminal located in a building may not respond, due to attenuation of electromagnetic signals by the building.

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a spacecraft or satellite cellular communications system 10. In system 10, a spacecraft 12 includes a transmitter (TX) arrangement 12t, a receiver (RX) arrangement 12r, and a frequency-dependent channelizer 12c, which routes bands of frequencies from the receiver 12r to the transmitter 12t. Spacecraft 12 also includes an array of frequency converters 12cv, which convert each uplink frequency to an appropriate downlink frequency. Spacecraft 12 includes a power source which includes a solar panel (SP) illustrated as 12s, and a power converter (PC) or conditioner 12p for converting the solar array power into power suitable for powering the transmitter, receiver, and converters, and other devices on the spacecraft, such as, for example, attitude control systems. Antenna 12a generates a plurality 20 of spot beams, one or more spot beams for each frequency band. Some of the spot beams 20a, 20b, and 20c of set 20 are illustrated by their outlines, while other beams, such as 20d and 20e, are illustrated by "lightning bolt" symbols in order to simplify the drawing. Each spot beam 20x (where x represents any subscript) defines a footprint on the surface 1 of the earth below. The footprint associated with spot beam 20a is at the nadir 3 directly under the spacecraft, and is designated 20af. The footprint associated with spot beam 20c is designated 20 cf, and is directed toward the horizon 5, while the footprint 20bf associated with spot beam 20b is on a location on surface 1 which lies between nadir 3 and horizon 5. It will be understood that those antenna beams which are illustrated in "lightning bolt" form also produce footprints. In some embodiments of the invention, those antenna beams illustrated by lightning bolts may be spot beams similar to the others, or they may be beams with broader footprints. As is known to those skilled in the art, the footprints of spot beams from a spacecraft may overlap (overlap not illustrated), to provide continuous coverage of the terrestrial region covered by the spot beams.

For completeness, it should be noted that each antenna beam forms an infinite number of more-or-less concentric "footprints" centered about the maximum-beam-intensity point on the ground, with each being a fraction of a decibel (Db) less than the next inner footprint. When "a" footprint is discussed, a selected energy distribution across the "footprint" is assumed. Thus, a common assumption is that the beam intensity will not vary more than 3 dB across the footprint, which defines the extent of the footprint by the 3 dB contour of the antenna beam. Similarly, overlap of the beams is taken to mean overlap at the designated beam intensity.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, a group 16 of mobile terrestrial user terminals or stations includes three user terminals, denominated 16a, 16b, and 16c, each of which is illustrated as having an upstanding whip antenna 17a, 17b, and 17c, respectively. User terminal 16a lies on or within the footprint 20af, user terminal 16b lies within footprint 20bf, and user terminal 16c lies within footprint 20cf. User terminals 16a, 16b, and 16c provide communications service to users, as described below. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the illustration of a single user terminal in each footprint is only for ease of understanding, and that many such user terminals may be found in each footprint. More particularly, each illustrated user terminal 16a represents one of a plurality of user terminals which may be found within footprint 20af, and likewise illustrated user terminals 16b and 16c each represent one of a plurality of user terminals which may be found in footprints 20bf and 20cf, respectively.

FIG. 1 also illustrates a terrestrial gateway terminal (a fixed site, tower, or station) 14, which lies in a footprint (not designated) of spot beam 20e. While not illustrated, it should be understood that the footprint associated with spot beam 20e may also contain user terminals such as 16_(x). Gateway terminal 14 communicates with spacecraft 12 by way of electromagnetic signals transmitted from an antenna 14a, and receives signals from the spacecraft by way of the same antenna. Gateway terminal 14 is coupled by a data path 9 with a land-line network or public switched telephone system (PSTN) illustrated as a block 8, and provides communication between spacecraft cellular communications system 10 and the PSTN 8. While a single gateway 14 is illustrated, the system 10 may contain many gateways at spaced-apart locations, to allow the spacecraft communication system to access different PSTNs. The signals traversing antenna beam 20e represent information or traffic signals from the user terminals 16 to the gateway terminal 14, and information signals from the gateway to various ones of the user terminals. The information signals are designated generally as COMM.

A network control center (NCC) 18 is illustrated in FIG. 1 as a terrestrial terminal lying in a footprint (not designated) of antenna beam 20d, which may also contain user terminals (not illustrated). Network control center 18 includes an antenna 18a for communication with the spacecraft, and for communication by way of the spacecraft to the user terminals 16 and the gateway(s) 14. Network control center 18 also includes a GPS receiving antenna 18g for receiving global positioning time signals, to provide position information and an accurate time clock. Network control center 18 performs the synchronization and TDMA slot control which the spacecraft cellular communications network requires. The functions of network control center 18 may be distributed throughout the communication system 10, but unlike the arrangement of the GPS system, in which control of the slot timing is independently set at each cell center or tower, there is only one network control center associated with the spacecraft communication system 10, for the required control of the time-division multiple access slots cannot be applied simply to one cell or antenna beam, but rather must be applied across the entire system, for reasons which are made clear below. While network control center 18 is illustrated in FIG. 1 as being separate from gateway 14, those skilled in the art will recognize that the network control center 18 includes functions, such as the antenna 18a, which are duplicated in the gateway 14, and that it may make economic sense to place the network control center 18, or the portions which together make up the network control center, at the sites of the gateway(s) such as gateway 14, so as to reduce the overall system cost by taking advantage of the redundancies to eliminate expensive subsystems. The signals traversing antenna beam 20d between NCC 18 and spacecraft 12 represent control signals. "Forward" control signals proceed from the NCC 18 to the remainder of the communication system 10 by way of spacecraft 12, and "reverse" or "return" control signals are those which originate at terrestrial terminals other than the NCC, and which are sent to the NCC by way of the spacecraft. Forward control signals include, for example, commands from the NCC 18 to the various user terminals 16_(x), indicating which TDMA slot set is to be used by each user terminal for communication, while an example of a return control signal may be, for example, requests by various user terminals 16_(x) for access to the communication system 10. Other control signals are required, some of which are described in more detail below. As mentioned, those control signals flowing from NCC 18 to other portions of the communication system 18 are termed "forward" control signals, while those flowing in a retrograde direction, from the communication system 10 toward the NCC, are denominated "return" control signals.

The spacecraft 12 of FIG. 1 may need to produce many spot beams 20, and the transmissions over the spot beams may require substantial electrical power, at least in part because of the relatively low gain of the simple antennas 17 of the user terminals 16. In order to reduce the power required by the transmitters in the spacecraft, the largest number of downlink frequencies, namely those used for transmissions from the spacecraft to terrestrial user terminals, are desirably within a relatively low frequency band, to take advantage of the increased component efficiencies at the lower frequencies. The user terminals transmit to the spacecraft at the lower frequencies, for like reasons. The transmissions to and from the spacecraft from the NCC 18 and the gateway(s) 14 may be within a higher frequency band, in part because of FCC frequency allocation considerations, and in part to obtain the advantage of high antenna gain available at the higher frequencies from large antennas at fixed installations. In a specific embodiment, the uplinks and downlinks of the NCC and the gateways may be at C-band (frequencies at about 3400 to 6700 Mhz.), while the uplinks and downlinks of the user terminals are at L-band (frequencies at about 1500-1700 MHz). Thus, the uplink and downlink signals in antenna beams 20a, 20b, and 20c of FIG. 1 are at frequencies within the relatively low L-band, while the uplink and downlink signals in antenna beams 20d and 20e are at the higher C-band.

FIG. 2 is similar to FIG. 1, except that, instead of illustrating the antenna beams 20_(x) (where the subscript x represents any one of the antenna beams) as a whole, some of the individual carriers contained in the beams are illustrated separately. For example, some of the forward control signals flowing from network control center 18 to the spacecraft 12 over antenna beam 20d are designated 105, 109, and 113, while some of the return control signals flowing from the spacecraft 12 to the NCC 18 by way of antenna beam 20d are designated 106, 110, and 114. Each of these control signals is transmitted on a carrier of a different frequency, for reasons described below. Thus, the designations 105, 106, 109, 110, 113, and 114 in FIG. 2 may each be imagined to represent a different carrier frequency within C band. In practice, each of the forward control signals has a bandwidth of 200 KHz. As described below, each of the different uplinked control signal carriers will ultimately be routed to a different one of the antenna beams and its associated footprint; three footprints are illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, so three uplinked forward control signal carriers are illustrated, namely carriers 105, 109, and 113. Similarly, each of the different return control signal carriers 106, 110, 114 downlinked from spacecraft 12 is generated by a user terminal 16 in a different one of the footprints illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2; three footprints are illustrated, so the downlink portion of antenna beam 20e includes the three carriers 106, 110, and 114.

The forward control signals transmitted from NCC 18 over forward control signal carriers 105, 109, and 113 of FIG. 2 include location area identity signals, comprising (a) satellite system country signals representing the identity of the satellite communication system (10), to distinguish it from other satellite communication systems which may serve the same region, (b) satellite network code signals, representing that one satellite 12 of the satellite communication system 10 over which the control signal is transmitted, to distinguish that one satellite 12 from other satellites which may be in use by communication system 10, and (c) location area code signals, representing the particular antenna beam on which the forward control signal is transmitted.

As mentioned above in relation to the discussion of FIG. 1, the spacecraft 12 includes frequency-dependent channelizers 12c and frequency converters 12cv. The three forward control signals 105, 109, and 113 uplinked from NCC 18 of FIG. 2 to the spacecraft are received at antenna 12a of the spacecraft, and routed by way of the channelizers 12c of the spacecraft to an appropriate one of the frequency converters 12cv, where they are frequency converted. For example, uplinked forward control signal 105 of FIG. 2 arriving at the spacecraft over antenna beam 20d at C-band is converted from C-band to a frequency within L-band. In order to make it easy to track the flow of signals in FIG. 2, the L-band frequency corresponding to C-band frequency 105 is also designated 105. It is easy to keep the meaning of these identical designations in mind, by viewing them as identifying the control signals being transmitted; the forward control information on C-band uplink "frequency" 105 is retransmitted from the spacecraft, after frequency conversion to L-band, within antenna beam 20a, as downlink 105. Thus, the forward control signal information for all user terminals 16a lying within footprint 20af is uplinked from NCC 18 in C-band to the spacecraft over antenna beam 20d, and converted to L-band downlink frequency 105 at the spacecraft, and transmitted in the L-band form over antenna beam 20a for use by all user terminals 16a within footprint 20af. Similarly, uplinked control signal 109 arriving at the spacecraft over antenna beam 20d at C-band is converted from C-band to a frequency within L-band. In order to make it easy to track the flow of signals, the L-band frequency corresponding to C-band frequency 109 is also designated 109. The control information on C-band uplink "frequency" 109 is retransmitted from the spacecraft on L-band, within antenna beam 20b, as downlink 109. Thus, the forward control signal information for all user terminals 16b lying within footprint 20bf is uplinked from NCC 18 in C-band to the spacecraft over antenna beam 20d, and converted to an L-band downlink frequency 109 at the spacecraft, and transmitted in the L-band form over antenna beam 20b for use by all user terminals 16b within footprint 20bf. For completeness, control signals generated at NCC 18 for ultimate transmission to user terminals 16c in footprint 20cf is generated at C-band at a frequency 113 different from frequencies 105 and 109, and is uplinked from NCC 18 to spacecraft 12. The C-band control signal 113 received at spacecraft 12 is frequency-converted to a frequency, designated as 113, in L-band, and transmitted over antenna beam 20c for use by all user terminals 16c lying in footprint 20cf. The forward control signals transmitted over downlinks 105, 109, and 113 will have the same satellite system country signals (the identity of the satellite communication system) and satellite network code signals (the identity of the satellite), because these depend only on the system and the particular satellite, and not on the antenna beam. The location area code signals, representing the particular antenna beam, will differ among downlink beams 105, 109, and 113.

It should be noted, in relation to the discussion of FIG. 2, that the fact that forward control signals are transmitted on the same carriers to a group of user terminals 16 lying in a particular footprint does not necessarily mean that all the user terminals within that footprint must operate simultaneously or in the same manner; instead, within each control signal carrier, a plurality of TDMA slots are available, and each set of slots is capable of being directed or assigned to a different one of the user terminals within the footprint being controlled, so that the user terminals are individually controllable. Of course, simultaneous reception of broadcast forward control signals by all user terminals within a footprint is possible, and all user terminals receive information signals "simultaneously," in that they may all be receiving transmissions at the same "time" as measured on a gross scale, although each individual message is received in a different time slot allocation. It should also be noted that, while control signals have not been described as being transmitted over antenna beam 20e between spacecraft 12 and gateway 14, the gateway (and any other gateways throughout the system) also require such control signal transmission. In the event that the NCC and the gateway are co-located, the control signals flowing therebetween may be connected directly, rather than by being routed through the spacecraft.

When a user terminal 16_(x) (where the subscript x represents any one of the user terminals) of FIG. 2 is initially turned on by a user, the user terminal will not initially have an assigned slot. In order to advise the NCC 18 that the user terminal is active and wishes to be assigned a slot by which it may communicate, the user terminal must first synchronize to the forward control signals, and then transmit a reverse control signal to the NCC 18 by way of spacecraft 12, requesting access in the form of assignment of an information carrier time slot. Thus, in addition to the forward control signals flowing from NCC 18 to the user terminals 16_(x), additional return control signals also flow from the user terminals to the NCC 18. These control signals originating from the user terminals lying within a particular footprint are modulated onto uplink carriers at L-band and transmitted to the spacecraft, where they are converted to frequencies lying in C-band for transmission to the NCC 18. More particularly, return control signals originating at user terminals 16a lying within footprint 20af are modulated onto an L-band uplink carrier frequency designated as 106 in FIG. 2. The return control signals are received by spacecraft antenna 12a in beam 20a, and routed by channelizer 12c to the appropriate frequency converter of converter array 12cv for conversion to C-band frequency 106. C-band frequency 106 is routed by way of transmitter 12t to antenna 12a, for transmission over antenna beam 20d to NCC 18. Similarly, return control signals originating at user terminals 16b lying within footprint 20bf are modulated onto an L-band uplink carrier frequency designated as 110 in FIG. 2. The return control signals are received by spacecraft antenna 12a in beam 20b, and routed by channelizer 12c to the appropriate frequency converter 12cv for conversion to C-band frequency 110. C-band frequency 110 is routed by way of transmitter 12t to antenna 12a, for transmission over antenna beam 20d to NCC 18. For completeness, return control signals from user terminals 16c in footprint 20cf are modulated onto an L-band uplink carrier frequency designated as 114, and are received by spacecraft antenna 12a in beam 20c, routed to the appropriate frequency converter 12cv, converted to C-band frequency 114, and transmitted over antenna beam 20d to NCC 18.

Thus, NCC 18 transmits a single forward control signal carrier to each downlink spot beam 20a, 20b, 20c, . . . on a carrier at a frequency which identifies the downlink spot beam to which the forward control signal is directed. NCC 18 receives return control signals from the various user terminals in footprints associated with the spot beams, and one return carrier is associated with each spot beam. In each spot beam, user terminals receive forward control signals over a carrier in an L-band downlink, and transmit return control signals over an L-band uplink. Spot beam 20a is associated with forward and return control signal carriers 105 and 106, respectively, spot beam 20b is associated with forward and return control signal carriers 109 and 110, respectively, and beam 20c is associated with forward and return control signal carriers 113 and 114, respectively.

Only the control signal carriers have been so far described in the arrangement of FIG. 2. The whole point of the communication system 10 is to communicate information signals among the users, so each antenna beam also carries signal carriers on which information signals are modulated or multiplexed by FDMA/TDMA, under control of the NCC 18. It should first be noted that NCC 18 of FIG. 2 does not need any information signal carriers (unless, of course, it is associated with a gateway terminal as described above). In general, information signals flow between gateways and user terminals. More particularly, signals from public switched telephone system 8 of FIG. 2 which arrive over data path 9 at gateway 14 must be transmitted to the designated user terminal or other gateway, which is likely to be served by an antenna beam other than beam 20d which serves gateway 14. Gateway 14 must communicate the desired recipient by way of a return control signal to NCC 18, and receive instructions as to which uplink carrier is to be modulated with the data from PSTN 8, so that the data carrier, when frequency-converted by the frequency converters 12cv in spacecraft 12, is routed to that one of the antenna beams which serves the desired recipient of the information. Thus, when information is to be communicated from gateway 14 to the remainder of communication system 10, it is transmitted on a selected one of a plurality of uplink carriers, where the plurality is equal to the number of spot beams to be served. In the simplified representation of FIG. 2, three spot beams 20a, 20b, and 20c are served in the system, so gateway 14 must produce information signal carriers at three separate C-band uplink frequencies. These three carrier frequencies are illustrated as 107, 111, and 115. The information signal is modulated onto the appropriate one of the carriers, for example onto carrier 107, and transmitted to the spacecraft 12. At the spacecraft, the C-band carrier 107 is converted to an L-band frequency carrier, also designated 107, which is downlinked over spot beam 20a to those user terminals (and gateways, if any) lying in footprint 20af. Similarly, information modulated at gateway 14 onto C-band uplink carrier 111, and transmitted to the spacecraft, is converted to L-band carrier 111, and downlinked over spot beam 20b to user terminals lying in footprint 20bf. For completeness, information modulated at gateway 14 onto C-band uplink carrier 115, and transmitted to the spacecraft, is converted to L-band carrier 115, and downlinked over spot beam 20c to user terminals lying in footprint 20cf. Within each footprint, the various user terminals select the information signals directed or addressed to them by selecting the particular time slot set assigned by NCC 18 for that particular communication.

In order for the mobile user terminal 16a, 16b, 16c of FIG. 2 to update their location information and record it with the network, each gateway terminal transmits forward control signals to certain ones of the user terminals, in addition to information signals to others of the user terminals. The forward control signals transmitted from the gateways during a location update include a mobile country code signal representing the country within which the gateway resides, a mobile network code signal representing the system with which the gateway is associated, and location area code signals, representing the particular antenna beam 20a, 20b, or 20c on which service is provided to the particular user terminal 16. As described in more detail below, the user terminal updates its own internal memory with this information.

Each user terminal lying in a footprint (and gateway, if any) of system 10 of FIG. 2 must be able to transmit information to the spacecraft for reradiation to a desired recipient. In general, all user terminals communicate only with gateways. If a user terminal of the system wishes to communicate with another user terminal of the system, the information may be routed first to one of the gateways, and then from the gateway back to the intended recipient user terminal. In one mode of operation, the user terminals may communicate directly with other user terminals in other spot beams. Thus, any user terminal 16a lying in footprint 20af of FIG. 2 communicates its information signals by modulating them onto (a selected slot set of) an L-band carrier 108. The transmission is received by antenna 12a of spacecraft 12, and the signal is routed by way of channelizers 12c to the appropriate frequency converter of converter array 12cv, where conversion to a C-band frequency takes place. For example, L-band uplink information signal carrier 108 received by the spacecraft in spot beam 20a is converted to a C-band carrier frequency also designated 108, which is downlinked over antenna beam 20e to gateway 14. Similarly, L-band uplink information signal carrier 112 received by the spacecraft in spot beam 20b is converted to a C-band carrier frequency also designated 112, which is downlinked over antenna beam 20e to gateway 14, and uplink signal carrier 116 of antenna beam 20c is converted to downlink carrier 116 of antenna beam 20e to gateway 14. The user terminals (and gateways) in each spot beam thus transmit their information signals on uplink carriers having frequencies selected so that, after frequency conversion and channelization at the spacecraft, the resulting downlink carriers travel the particular antenna beam which is directed toward the recipient gateway. Similarly, signals originating at a gateway are modulated onto carriers which, after frequency conversion and channelizing at the spacecraft, traverse that one of the spot beams associated with the footprint in which the designated recipient is located. It should be noted that part of the mobility management performed by the gateway 18 is to determine the spot-beam in which a designated mobile recipient is located by keeping a record of the last location of each identifiable user, so that each spot beam does not have to be individually polled each time a connection to a mobile user is requested, to "find" the desired mobile user.

Once a user terminal 16x of FIG. 2 which wishes to initiate service on the network is synchronized with the network, it transmits information on a spacecraft random access channel (S-RACH), which is part of the return control signal channel, by which control information is transmitted on an uplink such as 106 of FIG. 2. Since the particular user has not yet been assigned a slot set, the initial request for access is not scheduled by the NCC, but is transmitted within a slot, since time synchronization has already been achieved. The duration of the return control signal bursts generated by the user terminals must be short enough to fit within the NCC receiving slot interval, and should be sufficiently shorter than the slot interval to provide an appropriate guard interval. The durations of the transmitted return control signal bursts are predetermined at the time of manufacture of the user terminals, or set before use, to match the receive slot intervals of the system in which they are to be used.

The NCC may receive return control signal bursts from user terminals with a receive slot duration which depends upon, or is a function of, the location of the footprint of the beam in which the user terminal lies. FIGS. 3a, 3b, and 3c are time-lines which represent receive slot intervals by which the NCC 18 of FIGS. 1 and 2 receives return control signal bursts from user terminals lying in footprints 20af, 20bf, and 20cf, respectively, of FIG. 1. In FIG. 3a, the receive slots 310a, 310b, 310c, . . . , 310n are relatively short, just slightly longer than the duration of a typical return control signal burst 312, illustrated as being associated with receive slot 310a. The guard times are illustrated as 311a and 311b. The receive slot durations 310a, 310b, 310c, . . . , 310n are appropriate for reception of bursts 312 which do not have substantial variation in their receive times, such as those which are transmitted from footprint 20af, in which there is no significant difference of propagation delay between user terminals at either edge of the footprint; the guard time is used only for errors attributable to factors other than propagation delay differences. In FIG. 3c, the durations of receive slots 316a, 316b, 316c, . . . , 316n are longer than the durations of slots 310a, 310b, 310c, . . . , 310n, while the durations of the transmitted return control signal bursts 312 remain the same. The result, as illustrated in FIG. 3c, is that the combination of guard times 317a and 317b is larger than the combination of 311a and 311b. This increased guard time is appropriate for reception of burst transmissions from a footprint which lies near horizon 5, such as footprint 20cf of FIG. 1. The distances between antenna 12a and the right and left edges of footprint 20cf of FIG. 1 differ, and this difference represents a propagation time difference between the spacecraft 12 and user terminals located near the two edges of the footprint. By making the receive slot duration relatively large, the burst 312 can occur anywhere within the receive slot, and still be recognized. Thus, burst 312a associated with receive slot interval 316a lies near the beginning of the interval, whereby it may be surmised that the user terminal which transmitted burst 312a was located near that edge of footprint 20cf which lay closer to the spacecraft. Similarly, burst 312b of FIG. 3c, received within slot interval 316c, lies near its right edge, whereupon it will be realized that the location of the corresponding user terminal which transmitted burst 312b lay near the outermost extremity of footprint 20cf of FIG. 1. In FIG. 3b, the durations of receive slots 314a, 314b, 314c, . . . , 314n are longer than the durations of slots 310a, 310b, 310c, . . . , 310n, but shorter than the durations of receive slots 316a, 316b, 316c, . . . , 316n, while the durations of the transmitted return control signal bursts 312 remain the same. The result, as illustrated in FIG. 3b, is that the combination of guard times 315a and 315b is larger than the combination of 311a and 311b. This increased guard time is appropriate for reception of burst transmissions from a footprint which lies between nadir 3 and horizon 5, such as footprint 20bf of FIG. 1. The return control carrier time slots have durations which are the same (a standard duration) across the entire communication system 10. While there is no necessary requirement which establishes the time by which the return control slots of more distant footprints are increased, it has been found to be convenient to increase the time durations in increments equal to the duration of one standard tim slot.

The setting by the NCC 18 of FIG. 1 of the control return slot duration in dependence upon the footprint location merely requires a knowledge of which return control signal carrier frequencies correspond to which antenna beams, and therefore the footprints. It is a simple matter to set the receive slot duration at the NCC in accordance with the frequency of the return control signal carrier. FIG. 4 is a simplified block-diagram representation of an NCC. In FIG. 4, NCC 18 includes a transmit-receive (T/R) module 410 which couples antenna 18a to the input port of a low-noise amplifier and block downconverter illustrated together as 412, and to the output port of an upconverter and power amplifier arrangement 430. Low-noise amplifier and block downconverter 412 converts the C-band return control signal carriers to an intermediate frequency, and couples the downconverted signals to a return control signal carrier frequency demultiplexer 414, separates the downconverted return control signal carriers, so that only one downconverted return signal carrier appears on each output signal port 416a-416n of demultiplexer 414. Since each different return control signal carrier is associated with a different one of the spacecraft antenna beams 20_(x), the identity of the antenna beam footprint from which each of the return control signal carriers originates is established by a simple one-to-one memory. The return control signals are converted to baseband, if not already at baseband, by an array of receivers (RX) 418a-418n, where n equals the number of spot antenna beams. As mentioned, the number of spot antenna beams in one embodiment is one hundred and forty. The baseband return control signals at the outputs of receivers 418a-418n are applied by way of signal paths 419a-419n to a processor 420, in which they are decoded and interpreted with the aid of time signals originating from a global positioning signal receiver 422 coupled to GPS antenna 18g. It should be understood that each signal path 419a-419n is itself is preferably a multibit data path. The processor 420 autonomously generates the control signals for the communication system 10, in that the control of the various slot intervals and commands is accomplished at too high a speed for direct human intervention. However, high-level or overall functioning is controlled by an operator console illustrated as 424.

The processor 420 of FIG. 4 produces, as its output, sets of forward control signal commands at baseband, with each set of forward control signals on one signal path of an array of signal paths 425a-425n. Each set of forward control signals on one of signal paths 425a-425n is destined for one spot beam. The baseband forward control signal sets appearing on signal paths 425a-425n are applied to an array of transmitters (TX) 426a-426n, respectively, for modulation as necessary, and for upconversion to the uplink C-band frequency range. The output signal of each transmitter 426a-426n is a forward control signal destined for a particular one of the spot beams, at an uplink carrier frequency which, after passing through the remainder of the NCC 18 of FIG. 4, and through channelizers 12c and frequency converters 12cv of the spacecraft, is routed over the appropriate spot beam to the desired footprint. The signals from transmitters 426a-426n are applied to a forward control signal frequency multiplexer 428, which combines the various control signals into one signal path, and applies the forward control signals so combined to a block 430, representing upconversion to the C-band uplink frequency, and power amplification as needed. The C-band uplink frequency signal, with all of its forward control signals, is applied by way of TR arrangement 410 to antenna 18a for transmission to the spacecraft.

The processing performed in processor 420, to set the slot duration for receiving the return control signals, in accordance with which path 419a-419n the particular return control signal appears on, is a trivial task, and requires no further explanation. There will ordinarily be no reason for dynamic allocation of slot duration, so the return control signal slot duration associated with each input signal path can be simply stored in memory. If the frequencies of the control signal carriers allocated to the various spot beams should change, or if more spot beams should be added, or if a spot beam should be redirected from a location close to nadir to a location nearer to the horizon, the memory may be reprogrammed by the operator.

These forward control signals may include commands for utilizing resources. In relation to the access request signals, the computer informs the user terminal in which direction, and in what amount, of time adjustment, required to synchronize the user terminal to the network. It may also compare the user identity with a log to validate the user, read the telephone number to which a user wishes to be connected, and to determine to which of many gateway terminals the call should be assigned.

FIGS. 5a, 5b, and 5c illustrate the time assignment of the various forward control signals generated by the NCC 18 of FIG. 4 for one forward control carrier destined for one spot beam. As illustrated in FIGS. 5a, 5b, and 5c, one control multiframe (the i^(th) multiframe is illustrated) includes one-hundred and two control frames numbered 0 to 101. Each of the control frames includes eight slots, numbered 0 to 7. For example, the first control frame illustrated in FIG. 3a is numbered 0, and includes eight slots, numbered TN₋₋ 0, TN₋₋ 1, TN₋₋ 2, TN₋₋ 3, TN₋₋ 4, TN₋₋ 5, TN₋₋ 6, and TN₋₋ 7. Similarly, the second control frame illustrated in FIG. 3a is numbered 1, and includes eight slots, numbered TN₋₋ 0, TN₋₋ 1, TN₋₋ 2, TN₋₋ 3, TN₋₋ 4, TN₋₋ 5, TN₋₋ 6, and TN₋₋ 7. Each slot illustrated in FIGS. 5a, 5b, and 5c has a duration of 156.25 bit intervals.

Thus, the progress of time in the timeline of FIGS. 5a, 5b, and 5c is not simply from left to right in the conventional manner, for the timeline would be too long to illustrate conveniently. Instead, time progresses from TN₋₋ 0 of control frame 0, and then downward in sequence through TN₋₋ 1, TN₋₋ 2,TN₋₋ 3, TN₋₋ 4, TN₋₋ 5, TN₋₋ 6, and TN₋₋ 7 of control frame 0, and from slot TN₋₋ 7 of control frame 0 upward to the first slot (slot TN₋₋ 0) in control frame 1. From the time associated with time slot TN₋₋ 0 of control frame 1, the time line flows downward in sequence through slots TN₋₋ 1, TN₋₋ 2, TN₋₋ 3, TN₋₋ 4, TN₋₋ 5, TN₋₋ 6, and TN₋₋ 7 of control frame 1, and from slot TN₋₋ 7 of control frame 1 upward to the first slot (slot TN₋₋ 0) in control frame 2. From this explanation, it will be understood that the time recurrently flows from top to bottom, left to right, through the time line of FIGS. 5a, 5b, and 5c.

Four traffic multiframes are illustrated in FIGS. 5a, arbitrarily designated 4k, 4k+1, 4k+2, and 4k+3. The arbitrary value is a time marker which identifies the interval within a long period of time, such as three hours, to prevent any gross synchronizing errors. Each traffic multiframe 4k, 4k+1, 4k+2, and 4k+3 has a duration of twenty-six traffic frames; since the duration of each traffic frame is equal to the duration of a control frame, the first traffic multiframe 4k has a duration of twenty-six control frames. It should be noted that these four traffic multiframes frames 4k, 4k+1, 4k+2, and 4k+3 do not exactly align with the i^(th) control multiframe, in that the combination of the four traffic multiframes 4k, 4k+1, 4k+2, and 4k+3 has a duration of one-hundred and four (104) control or traffic frames, while the i^(th) control multiframe has a duration of one-hundred and two (102) control/traffic frames. In effect, the four-traffic-multiframe set "drifts" by two control/traffic frames per control multiframe. The traffic frames have the same duration as the control frames, so the four traffic multiframes 4k, 4k+1, 4k+2, and 4k+3 are in effect associated with one-hundred and four (104) control frames, while the i^(th) control multiframe is associated with one-hundred and two (102) control frames.

In the i^(th) forward control signal multiframe of FIGS. 5a, 5b, and 5c, the first time slot TN₋₋ 0 in control multiframe 0 is designated H, representing a high-margin synchronizing signal (H), which is required in order to allow the user terminal (16a, 16b, 16c of FIGS. 1 and 2) to acquire frequency and bit synchronization so as to identify a particular set of time slots of the control multiframe, for synchronizing to the control multiframe. Other high-margin control signals occur in the i^(th) forward control signal multiframe, as described below. Time slots TN₋₋ 1, TN₋₋ 2, and TN₋₋ 3 of control frame 0 are not initially assigned, as represented by lower-left-to-upper-right hatching in those slots. Slot TN₋₋ 4 of control frame 0 is enforced idle, as suggested by the opposite-direction hatching. Slot intervals TN₋₋ 5, TN₋₋ 6, and TN₋₋ 7 of control frame 0 are unassigned. These unassigned TDMA slot intervals, and other unassigned slot intervals described below, may be assigned to other control signals, or to traffic use, if desired, at some later time. TDMA slot TN₋₋ 0 of control frame 1 is assigned to a synchronization burst (S), for providing the traffic frame number information to the user terminal, while the remaining slot intervals TN₋₋ 1-TN-3 and TN₋₋ 5-TN₋₋ 7 are unassigned, and TN₋₋ 4 is mandatorily idle. The first TDMA slot TN₋₋ 0 of control frames 2, 3, 4, and 5 are assigned for use by the broadcast channel (S-BCCH), which provides general-purpose network information which is broadcast to all user terminals within the footprint of the beam with which the time line of FIGS. 5a, 5b, and 5c is associated. More particularly, the location area identification signal from the NCC is transmitted within broadcast channel S-BCCH, and includes (a) the satellite system country code signal, for identifying the communication system which has been accessed, (b) the satellite network code signals, for identifying the particular satellite of the communication system which has been accessed, and (c) the location area code signals, for identifying the spot beam in which the signal is broadcast. The remaining TDMA slots of control frames 2, 3, 4, and 5 are unassigned, except for the TN₋₋ 4 slot, which is assigned for use by a high power alerting channel (S-HPACH), for alerting user terminals of incoming calls. Time slots TN₋₋ 0 of control frames 6, 7, 8, and 9 are assigned to the access grant channel (S-AGCH), for transmitting information relating to the granting of access to one user terminal; the granting of access requires assigning of a traffic carrier frequency, and of identifying the particular TDMA slot set of that carrier which is to be used. Similarly, time slot TN₋₋ 0 of control frames 10, 11, 12, and 13 are also assigned to S-AGCH; many such transmissions may be necessary per unit time, because there may be many user terminals which request access during each second of time, and the grant of access must be at the same rate of many access grants per second. Thus, S-AGCH signals are assigned to the first TDMA slots intervals of control frames 14-29 (except control frame 22) of FIG. 5a, and to the first slot interval of all control frames 30-101 of FIGS. 5b and 5c except control frames 51, 60, and 62-64, which are mandatory idle, and control frames 61 and 81, which are assigned for use by high margin synchronization control signals H. Thus, high margin synchronization control signals H occur in the first TDMA slot at the beginning of each control multiframe (at control frame 0), and at control frames 22, 61, and 81. The separation or pulse timing between the first and second H signals of each control multiframe is 22 control frame intervals, the separation between the second and third H signals of each control multiframe is 39 control frame intervals, the separation between the third and fourth H signals of each control multiframe is 20 control frame intervals, and the separation between the last H signal of one multiframe and the first H of the next control multiframe is 21 control frame intervals. Thus, the temporal spacing between mutually adjacent H signals is 22, 39, 20, and 21 control frame intervals. These nonuniform intervals are provided to aid the user terminals in identifying the beginning of the control multiframe, for faster synchronizing to the system.

In the time line of FIGS. 5a, 5b, and 5c, the high power alerting channel S-HPACH is provided for during the TN₋₋ 4 slot interval of all the control frames 0-101, except for those which are mandatorily idle, which are the TN₋₋ 4 slot intervals of control frames 0, 1, 21, 22, 61, 81, and 101. The idle slot intervals are provided in the same control frame as the H burst so that the high-margin H burst does not occur in the same frame as the high-margin signal S-HPACH, to thereby tend to reduce the power loading, and makes it simple to perform the calculations, described below, required to achieve offsetting the time lines.

The high-margin synchronization channel signals H of FIGURES 5a, 5b, and 5c, which occur four times during each control signal multiframe interval, are high margin because they are transmitted at a higher power level than the signals of ordinary margin. This is readily accomplished by, for example, increasing the power produced by a transmitter of array 426a-426n of FIG. 4 during that time in which it transmits an H signal or other high-margin signal. Identification of a high-margin signal may be carried from the computer 420 to the individual transmitters 426a-426n on a dedicated data path of each of data paths 425a-425n, where a logic high on the dedicated data path for that transmitter, for example, indicates that the data being transmitted is a high-margin signal, and the power level should be raised. As those skilled in the art of transmitters know, it is a simple matter to increase the output power of an active stage by switching an attenuator out-of-line, or by incrementing the supply voltage, or both.

The peak output power of the spacecraft attributable to control signals is reduced from that which would occur if the high-margin signals were to occur synchronously. Keeping in mind that the time-line of FIGS. 5a, 5b, and 5c represents the time-line for one forward control channel out of one-hundred and forty channels (in one embodiment), it is undesirable that all of the high margin control signals occur simultaneously, because the simultaneous occurrence would require a peak power capability many times the average power capability. The weight and complexity required for such a high peak power capability is reduced by unsynchronizing the time lines of the various channels relative to each other. FIGS. 6a, 6b, and 6c illustrate how three forward control signal time-lines 608, 611, and 613 can be offset in time or unsynchronized in a manner which tends to prevent simultaneous occurrence of high-margin signals H. As illustrated in FIG. 6a, the time-lines 608, 611, and 613 include high-amplitude portions H spaced apart by lower-amplitude or lower-margin portions LM. Time-line 608 is delayed by an amount 610 from an arbitrary reference time. Similarly, the time-line 611 of FIG. 6b is delayed by a different amount 612 from the arbitrary reference time, in a manner which misaligns the H signals of FIGS. 6a and 6b in time. Similarly, the time line 613 of FIG. 6c, representing a third forward control signal channel, is delayed by a third amount 614, so that the high-margin signals H of the time line of FIG. 6c are misaligned in time relative to those of FIGS. 6a and 6b. In a similar manner, each of many time lines may be offset to misalign their H signals. Since one embodiment of the communication system has one-hundred and forty individual spot beams, it also has a like number of forward control channels. Thus, it is necessary to unsynchronize 140 different time lines similar to that of FIGS. 5a, 5b, and 5c. Referring once again to FIGS. 5a, 5b, and 5c, it will be noted that the minimum number of control frame intervals between successive H signals is 20 intervals. Since each of the control frame intervals has eight slots, a minimum of 160 slot intervals occurs between successive H intervals. This is less than the number of spot beams, so it is possible to unsynchronize the 140 time lines by mutually delaying them by increments of a slot interval. Thus, the time line of FIG. 6b is delayed by 2 slot intervals from the time line of FIG. 6a, so that their H intervals are separated in time by two slot intervals. Similarly, the time line of FIG. 6a is delayed by an integer number of time intervals, illustrated as two, relative to the time line of FIG. 6c. While both differences are by increments of two slot intervals, the increments may be in any number of slot intervals which provides the desired unsynchronization, and may be by fractions of a slot interval if the number of forward control signal channels is very large, and exceeds the number of slots in the frame. It should be noted that it is not necessary to eliminate every simultaneous occurrence of the high-margin signals, but instead it is sufficient to eliminate some or preferably most of the simultaneous occurrences.

Implementation of the offset of the synchronization in the described manner is a simple matter, readily accomplished in the computer or processor 420 of FIG. 4. No additional description is believed to be required in order for a person of ordinary skill in the processor arts to be able to set up the requisite timing relationships. A concomitant of the requirement for simultaneous control of the forward channel slot timing is that a single NCC 18 must perform all the controlling for the entire communication system 10, unlike the arrangement of GSM, in which each separate cell location can contain its own NCC, independent of the control at other cell locations.

It is very desirable to minimize the power required to be produced by the spacecraft power source 12s, 12p of FIG. 1. The reduced power requirements allows the spacecraft to operate with a smaller solar panel power system than would otherwise be required, which is very advantageous from the point of view of spacecraft propellant load, in that more attitude control and stationkeeping propellant can be carried, and the operational lifetime of the spacecraft may therefore be longer.

The low gain of the whip or portable antenna 17 of the user terminals 16 of FIG. 1 tends to require greater effective radiated power (ERP) from the spacecraft 12 to establish reception with a given signal-to-noise ratio than if a more elaborate antenna were available at the user terminal. The possibility that the user terminal may be located within a building or other structure which tends to attenuate signals transmitted from the spacecraft to the mobile user terminal imposes a requirement that the signals transmitted from the spacecraft have a power greater than the minimum which the mobile user terminal is capable of detecting when the user terminal is located outdoors and under optimal reception conditions. In order to minimize the power requirements imposed on the spacecraft, only a single multipurpose forward control signal, modulated onto a carrier, is transmitted from the spacecraft over each antenna beam. The concomitant of this limitation is that the mobile user terminals in each antenna beam can rely only on one control signal for achieving all their communication control functions.

At the time of inception of communication between a mobile user terminal and another terminal by way of the spacecraft, before synchronization is fully established, the terrestrial user terminal 16x of FIG. 1 must receive signals arriving at its location from the spacecraft, and scan the signals so received in order to determine which spot beams are available in its location, and to synchronize itself to the cellular communications system 10. In order make such determinations, the mobile user terminal must in the first instance be able to receive the control signal which is transmitted from the spacecraft over the particular antenna beam associated with the footprint in which the user terminal lies. As mentioned above, there is only one forward control signal associated with each beam, and it is imperative that the user terminal be able to receive at least those portions of the forward control signal required for initial synchronization. Among the signals which must be received are paging signals, which are transmitted by the spacecraft to alert the user of a terrestrial station. If the user (and his portable terminal) is within a building or in a location which attenuates electromagnetic signals, the paging signal may not be received. In order to alleviate this problem, it is desirable to transmit this paging signal, and other important control signals, with the maximum possible power. However, the total power required for the control signals must be minimized, especially since there is one control carrier per antenna beam, and there may be 140 or more antenna beams produced by each spacecraft 12. This power problem is solved by increasing the relative power of the "high margin" control signals, and correspondingly decreasing the relative power of standard margin control signals, so the average power of each control signal is within the desired limits, but the benefits of the high margin control signals are obtained. FIGS. 6a, 6b, and 6c are simplified amplitude-time plots of the amplitude or instantaneous radiated power of three such forward control carriers.

Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, while network 8 has been described as a land-line network, it may include spacecraft or terrestrial light or microwave links. While the user terminals 16 are described as being ground-based or terrestrial, those skilled in the art will know that this includes airborne, marine and submarine users. The number of spot beams in the cellular communication system 10 is preferably greater than the five beams illustrated in FIG. 1. While the signals flowing between the spacecraft 12 and the gateway(s) 14 and NCC 18 have been described as being communicated at C-band, and the signals to and from the user terminals have been described as being at L-band, any frequency bands may be used which lie within the state of the art. The described system uses time-division multiple access in which signal separation is achieved by assignment of different time slots to different ones of the transmissions; the system could as well use code-division multiple access (CDMA) to separate the individual signals by assignment of different spreading codes, with the only other salient difference between the TDMA and CDMA systems being that the bandwidth of the signals in CDMA are broader than in TDMA, so the center frequencies may be different.

FIG. 7 is a simplified flow chart representing the logic at the mobile user terminal at turn-on or energization, showing how the Location Area Identification is used and stored. In FIG. 7, the logic begins at a START block 710, and proceeds to a further logic block 712, which represents the scanning of certain frequencies, and examines the codes to determine if the signals contain control signals. Each carrier containing control signals is memorized, and the strongest one is selected. The logic then flows to block 714, which represents the reading of the S-BCCH signals on the selected carrier, including the location area identification (LAI), which in turn contains the SSC, SNC, and LAC. The logic flows to a decision block 715, which determines if the previous state of the user terminal was satellite mode, as opposed to terrestrial mode. If the prior service was terrestrial mode, meaning that the user terminal was previously communicating with a terrestrial network, it is probably not registered with the satellite network, so the decision block directs the logic by the NO output path to block 728. On the other hand, if the prior service was satellite service, the user terminal is likely to be registered with the satellite system, and may need an update, so the logic exits decision block 715 by the YES path, and proceeds to logic block 716. Logic block 716 represents the reading of the SCC, SNC, and LAC from the internal memory of the user terminal, which should correspond with the information which is stored in a gateway of the system. From logic block 716, the logic flows to a decision block 718, which routes the logic to the YES output if the codes are identical, meaning that the both the communication system and the user terminal agree that the user terminal is in the same location as during its previous access, so no updating is necessary. From the YES output of decision block 718, the logic flows to a state block 720, which represents an "available for service" condition. The user terminal remains in the state represented by block 720 until either it receives a command from a user to originate a call, as represented by block 722, or receives a network-originated signal, as suggested by block 726. From either block 722 or 726, the logic flows to a block 724, representing the initiating of a service access by the user terminal. The remainder of the processing is not relevant to the invention, but involves the assignment of a TDMA slot set on a dedicated frequency.

If decision block 718 of FIG. 7 determines that the codes are not the same, the logic leaves block 718 by the NO output, and proceeds to a further block 728, which represents the beginning of a procedure for updating the LAI, by transmitting, on a dedicated carrier, the satellite random access channel (S-RACH) signal, including the "access cause" or reason for making the S-RACH call. In addition to a location update, other reasons might include a response to an emergency call. There is one such dedicated carrier for each spot beam 20 of FIGS. 1 and 2, and the spot beam from each of the spot beams is routed to the network control center 18 of FIG. 1. In addition to the access cause signals, the S-RACH signal also includes "number information", which, for purposes of a location update, includes the first six "decimal" digits of the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI), which includes (a) 3 decimal digits of the Mobile Country Code (MCC), (b) two decimal digits of the Mobile Network Code (MNC), and (c) one digit of the mobile subscriber's identification number (MSIN), as issued by the subscriber's home network. From block 728, the logic flows to a waiting state, represented by block 730. The logic shifts by a logic path 732 to the network control center paths, illustrated in FIG. 7b.

The logic flows to a block 734 of FIG. 7b, representing the extraction of the data from the S-RACH signal. From block 734, the logic flows to a further block 736, which is the starting block for assignment of a gateway to provide service to the requesting user terminal. In block 736, the NCC reads a memory which relates the user to a "home" gateway, at least temporarily. Block 738 represents selection of a physical channel for the communication between the selected gateway and the requesting user terminal, by assigning a frequency and TDMA slot set. This physical channel is a stand-alone dedicated control channel (S-SDCCH) for this particular location update access. Other location update access requests which result in selection of the same gateway will result in location update communications between the gateway and the additional user terminal by way of a different one of the S-SDCCH channels. The NCC sends or transmits the selected channel information to the selected gateway (block 740) and to the requesting user terminal by way of an access grant channel (S-AGCH) as suggested by block 742. The gateway is advised before the mobile user terminal, so that the gateway can be listening on the assigned channel for the initiation of communications by the user terminal. This completes the activity of the NCC in relation to this particular update access request. The logic then shifts by way of a logic path 743 to block 746 of the user terminal flow chart of FIG. 7a. In block 746, the mobile user terminal switches its transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) to the selected physical channel connecting it to the selected gateway. Block 748 of FIG. 7a represents the transmission of a location update request to the selected gateway on the assigned S-SDCCH, to advise it of the reason for the access. The location update request transmitted in conjunction with block 748 includes the MCC, MNC, and LAC of the registration as previously obtained (the old data to be updated). The user terminal then waits, as represented by block 749, for a response from the gateway.

The gateway receives the location update request over the selected physical channel, as represented by block 752, and acknowledges the receipt, as represented by block 754. The acknowledgement of the physical receipt of the location update request as represented by logic path 755 is necessary for the continuation of the logic of the user terminal, but is not an important part of the logic flow of FIGS. 7a, 7b, and 7c. From block 754, the logic flows to a further decision block 756, which represents evaluation by the gateway of the validity of the requested update, by consideration of such matter as (a) whether there is a roaming agreement between the gateway and the subscriber's home network, (b) whether his account is current, and the like. If the access is not valid, the logic exits decision block 756 by the NO output, and proceeds to an END block 758, in which the gateway sends a rejection to the requesting user terminal. If the location update request is approved, the logic exits block 756 by the YES output, and proceeds to a block 758, which represents the sending of a location update accept message to block 749 of the logic flow of the requesting user terminal in FIG. 7a. The location update accept message includes the MCC, MNC, and LAC associated with the selected gateway providing service to the requesting user terminal. The logic of the gateway proceeds to a block 760, while the overall logic continues back to block 749 of the user terminal by way of a logic path 759.

The gateway logic of FIG. 7c proceeds to block 760, which represents termination of the location update link, in conjunction with block 764 of FIG. 7a, and then proceeds to an END block 761. In FIG. 7c, the receipt by WAIT block 749 of the update accept message by way of path 759 allows the logic of the user terminal to proceed to a further block 762, which represents updating the internal memory of the user terminal by overwriting the MCC, MNC, and LAC with the information contained in the location update accept message from the gateway, and also represents the updating of the local memory with SSC and SNC information derived from the S-BCCH signal. From block 762, the logic flows to block 764, already mentioned, where the user terminal logic of FIG. 7a waits for the termination of the location update link by way of logic path 761. When the link is terminated by the gateway, the logic of the user terminal, as illustrated in FIG. 7a, flows from block 764 to block 720, mentioned above as representing availability of the user terminal for service.

It will be understood that the updating procedure uses valuable NCC and gateway physical channel resources. The described technique substantially eliminates the need for updates, so long as the user terminal does not leave his spot beam location, and thus minimizes the use of system resources for updating.

FIG. 8 is a simplified representation of the LAI as generated by the network control center and by the gateway, respectively, to show that there is an overlap in information. In FIG. 8, the NCC LAI is contained within the solid outline 810, and includes the satellite system country code SSC, the satellite network code SNC, and the location area code LAC. The LAC depends upon the spot beam in which communication is accomplished. The gateway LAI is contained within dotted outline 812, and includes the Mobile country code MCC, the Mobile Network Code MNC, and the same LAC. Thus, the LAC is contained in both the transmission from the NCC and the gateway, and needs to be stored in the user terminal memory only once.

FIGS. 9a and 9b together represent the logic operating in the user terminal, the NCC, and the gateway, and interacting therebetween, for transferring information according to an aspect of the invention. The logic continues, in the user terminal represented by the left portion of FIG. 9a, from block 720 of FIG. 7a, over a logic path, to a block 928, which represents a decision, at the user terminal, to send the S-RACH from the user terminal with a request to the NCC logic, over a logic path 932, for access to the system. From logic block 928 of the user terminal, the logic flow to a block 946, representing waiting for access at the user terminal.

In the NCC logic of the right portion of FIG. 9a, the logic continues with block 934, which represents the extraction of the message content of the S-RACH signal. From block 934, the NCC logic flows to a further block 936, which represents the selection of the "nearest" gateway from a look-up table. The look-up table is accessed by the information in the S-RACH signal, and more particularly the Country Code and the National Destination Code. The National Destination Code, as mentioned, may be considered to be equivalent to an "Area Code" in the United States. In general, it can be said that if each country had its own gateway, and only one National Destination Code, there would be a one-to-one correspondence between the Country Code and the "nearest" gateway. However, some countries have no gateways whatever, and some countries have plural National Destinations, so the appropriate gateway must be selected based on individual considerations. Once the nearest gateway is selected, the logic at the NCC flows to a block 938, which represents the selection of a carrier frequency and time slot by which the user terminal can communicate with the selected gateway (by way of the spacecraft repeater). From block 938 of the NCC logic, the logic state flows by a path 941 to block 950 of FIG. 9b, and to a further block 940, representing the transmission or sending of the channel frequency and slot information to the selected gateway, so that it will "know" the user terminal when it begins transmission on the selected channel. From block 940 of the NCC, the logic flows to a block 947, which represents sending of the channel frequency and slot information to the user terminal. The logic flow transfers to the user terminal by way of a logic path 948, and the logic of the NCC stops at an END block 949.

The logic flow in the user terminal, in the left portion of FIG. 9a, returns to WAIT block 946 by way of logic path 948, and continues to a further block 950. Block 950 represents resetting of the transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) of the user terminal to the assigned frequency and slot set. The logic flows to a further block 952, which represents transmission of a service request from the user terminal to the nearest gateway, by way of the assigned frequency and slot set. The active logic flows to block 962 of FIG. 9b, representing reception of the service request. Logic block 964 represents acknowledgement of receipt of the service request, which is necessary for actual operation, but not a part of the illustrated logic. From logic block 964 of the gateway, the logic flows to a decision block 966, which examines the files for the particular user terminal, and decides, based on its identity, and also on the network provider, whether the user terminal is permitted to access the system. If the access request is denied, the logic of the gateway flows by the NO output of decision block 966 to a further block 967, which represents the transmission or sending to the user terminal of a rejection of the request. From block 967, the logic flows by way of a path 970 to WAIT block 954 of the user terminal, and to a block 972, which represents termination of the link between the gateway and the user terminal. From block 972, the gateway logic flows to an END block 974.

On the other hand, if gateway decision block 966 decides to provide service to the user terminal requesting service, the logic of FIG. 9b leaves decision block 966 by the YES output, and proceeds to a further block 976, which represents the sending of a service accept message to the requesting user terminal. From block 976, the logic flows by way of logic path 970 to block 954 of FIG. 9a, and to a block 980, which represents continuation of gateway processing of the call in the normal manner. Similarly, the logic flow in the user terminal, represented by WAIT block 954, flow to a further block 982, representing the continuation of the call completion process within the user terminal.

Thus, the Network identity is presented in each spot beam by the system information transmitted on the S-BCCH control signal (714) to the mobile user terminals (16) within that spot beam (20). The Location Area Identification (LAI) is broadcast on the S-BCCH control signal as (satellite system country code SSC+satellite network code SNC+location area code LAC), where the (satellite system country code SSC+satellite network code SNC) are associated with the Network Control Center (NCC) and the LAC is associated with the spot beam. The SSC identifies the Satellite System Country, and allows the mobile user terminal to recognize Home Satellite System or a Visited Satellite System which uses the same standards. The Satellite Network Code or SNC identifies a particular satellite in a multi-satellite system, and can provide regional roaming capabilities between the satellites in such a multi-satellite system. The Location Area Code (LAC) identifies the particular spot beam.

A satellite cellular communication system (10) according to an aspect of the invention, which uses either TDMA and CDMA, includes a plurality of terrestrial mobile user terminals (16a, 16b, 16c) for transmitting signals to the satellite (12), and for receiving signals from the satellite (12). The communication system (10) also includes a plurality of terrestrial gateways (14), for receiving signals from land lines (9) and for transmitting the signals so received from land lines (9) over uplink frequency bands to the satellite (12). The gateways (14) also receive signals over downlink frequency bands from the satellite (12), and couple to land lines (9) at least some of the signals so received from the satellite (12). Each of the gateways (14) identifies itself to a user terminal (16a, 16b, 16c) with which it communicates by use of a unique location area identity signal including (a) a mobile country code MCC (758) representing the country within which the gateway resides, (b) a mobile network code MNC (758) representing the system with which the gateway is associated, and (c) location area code LAC (758) representing the particular antenna beam (20a, 20b, 20c) on which service is provided to the particular user terminal (16a, 16b, 16c). The communication system (10) also includes a satellite (12) including a transmitting/receiving arrangement (12t, 12r, 12c, 12cv), and an antenna arrangement (12a) coupled to the transmitting/receiving arrangement (12t, 12r, 12c, 12cv). The antenna arrangement (12a) generates a plurality of antenna beams (20a, 20b, 20c), each in a different direction, so that each antenna beam (20a, 20b, 20c) overlies a different terrestrial footprint (20af, 20bf, 20cf). The transmitting/receiving arrangement (12t, 12r, 12c, 12cv) and the antenna arrangement (12a) act together for receiving a plurality of carriers at different frequencies lying within one of the uplink bands from locations lying within the footprints (20af, 20bf, 20cf), and for converting at least some sets of the plurality of carriers to different frequencies lying within a downlink frequency band, and for transmitting each of the downlink frequency bands on a particular one of the antenna beams (20a, 20b, 20c). As a result, the satellite (12) can communicate with gateways (14) and mobile user terminals (16a, 16b, 16c) by way of antenna beams (20a, 20b, 20c) associated with footprints (20af, 20bf, 20cf) within which the gateways (14) and user terminals (16a, 16b, 16 c), respectively, lie. The communication system (10) also includes a network controller (18) coupled to the satellite (12) and to the gateways (14), for establishing the transmissions from the gateways (14) to the satellite (12) so that all control signals addressed to mobile user terminals (16a, 16b, 16c) lying within a particular antenna beam (20a, 20b, 20c) are transmitted at a particular frequency, and for, when the system uses TDMA, assigning particular time slots of the TDMA transmissions to particular ones of the gateways (14), and for, when the system uses the CDMA, assigning particular spreading codes of the CDMA transmissions to particular ones of the gateways (14), so that all gateways (14) transmit at least some of those messages addressed to mobile user terminals (16a, 16b, 16c) within a particular antenna beam (20a, 20b, 20c) at a particular frequency, but in either a different TDMA time slot set or different CDMA spreading code from corresponding transmissions from others of the gateways (14), depending upon whether TDMA or CDMA is used. As a result, all transmissions addressed to a particular antenna beam arrive at the satellite (12) at particular frequencies, but are separable by time slot in the case of TDMA or by spreading code in the case of CDMA. The frequency conversion at the satellite (12) transmitter/receiver arrangement (12t, 12r, 12c, 12cv) routes the transmissions to the appropriate one of the antenna beams (20a, 20b, 20c). The network controller (18) transmits location area identity signals include (a) satellite system country signals (SSC) representing the identity of the satellite communication system (10), to distinguish it from other satellite communication systems which may serve the same region, (b) satellite network code signals (SNC), representing that one of the satellite (12) of the satellite communication system (10) over which the control signal is transmitted, and (c) location area code signals (LAC), representing the particular antenna beam on which the control signal is transmitted. At least some of the mobile user terminals (16a, 16b, 16c) further include temporary data stores (16am, 16bm, 16cm) for storing the mobile country code signals (MCC), mobile network code signals (MNC), location area code signals (LAC), satellite system country code signals (SSC), and satellite system network code signals (SNC), and further includes a comparison system (718) for comparing the satellite system country code signals (SSC), the satellite network code signals (SNC), and the location area code signals (LAC) stored in the temporary data stores (16am, 16bm, 16cm) with the satellite system country code signals (SCC), the satellite network code signals (SNC), and the location area code signals (LAC), respectively, received from the network control center in a current communication, and for, if they are not the same, requesting access to a gateway of the system from the network control center, and, upon receipt of a grant of access to a gateway, transmitting to the gateway the codes representing the current location area identity, and also updating the information stored in the temporary memory with the current satellite system country code signals (SSC), the satellite network code signals (SNC), the location area code signals (LAC), the mobile country code signals (MCC), and the mobile network code signals (MNC), whereby during the next access of the communication system (10) by the mobile user terminal (16a, 16b, 16c), the comparison system (718) of the mobile user terminal (16a, 16b, 16c) is likely to find that the codes match, and require no update.

Also, in accordance with another aspect of the invention, a satellite cellular TDMA communication system (10) comprises a plurality of terrestrial mobile user terminals (16) for transmitting signals to the satellite (12), and for receiving signals from the satellite (12). The communication system (10) also includes a plurality of terrestrial gateway terminals (14), for receiving signals from land lines (9), and transmitting the signals so received over uplink frequency bands (107, 111, 115) to the satellite (12). The terrestrial gateway terminals (14) also receive signals over downlink frequency bands (108, 112, 116) from the satellite (12), and couple the signals so received to the land lines (9). A satellite (12) used with the communication system (10) includes a transmitting/receiving arrangement (12r, 12t), and an antenna arrangement (12a) coupled to the transmitting/receiving arrangement (12r, 12t). The antenna (12a) arrangement generates a plurality of beams (20), each in a different direction, so that each beam (20a, 20b, . . . ) overlies a different terrestrial footprint (20af, 20bf, . . . ), for receiving a plurality of carriers (105, 109, 113, 107, 111, 115, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116) at different frequencies lying within one of the uplink bands, and for converting each of the plurality of carriers to a different frequency lying within a downlink frequency band, and for transmitting each of the downlink frequency bands on a particular one of the spot beams. Consequently, the satellite (12) can communicate with gateways (14) and mobile user terminals (16) by way of antenna beams (20) associated with footprints (20_(x) f) within which the gateways (14) and user terminals (16), respectively, lie. The communication system (10) also includes a network control arrangement (18) coupled (by way of an up/downlink or by way of a gateway up/downlink) to the satellite (12) and to the gateways (14), for establishing the transmissions from the gateways (14) to the satellite (12) in a manner such that all signals addressed to mobile user terminals (16) lying within (either literally within the spot beam, as in the case of a flying vehicle, or within a footprint of the beam) a particular spot beam (20) are transmitted at a particular frequency, and for assigning particular time slots of the TDMA transmissions to particular ones of the gateways (14), so that all gateways (14) transmit those messages addressed to mobile user terminals (16) within a particular spot beam (20) at a particular frequency, but in different time slots from corresponding transmissions from others of the gateways (14). As a result of operation of the described system, all transmissions addressed to a particular spot beam (20) arrive at the satellite at particular frequencies, and the frequency conversion at the satellite (12) routes the transmissions to the appropriate one of the spot beams. The satellite of the system further includes, in a particular embodiment, a frequency-dependent channelizer (12c) coupled to the transmitting/receiving arrangement (12r, 12t), for routing carrier signals at particular frequencies to particular ones of the beams (20). The channelizer (12c) may be controllable for routing signals from one of the carriers on one of the beams to another carrier on another one of the beams. In this embodiment, the network control center (18) is coupled to the satellite for communication of control information therebetween. The network control center further generates a plurality of common control signals (S-HMSCH, S-SCH, S-BCCH, S-BCCHext, S-AGCH, and S-HPACH), and transmits the common control signals to the satellite (12) on different carrier frequencies (105, 109, 113), whereby the satellite couples one of the common control signals over each of the beams (20). In this communication system (10), the user terminal (16) identifies that one of the spot beams (20) within which it lies by comparing the spot beam (20) identification number (LAI) with a predetermined stored spot beam (LAI). If the newly received beam identification number is identical to the stored beam identification number, the user terminal (16) immediately becomes available for service, while if the newly received (LAI) and stored (LAI) spot beam identification numbers are not identical, the user terminal transmits a signal (S-RACH to the satellite (12) requesting access to a gateway (14), and when access is available, transmitting a signal (old LAC) indicating that the user terminal (16) has moved from the spot beam associated with the stored beam identification number, and is now located in the spot beam associated with the newly received beam identification number. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A spacecraft cellular communication system, comprising;a plurality of terrestrial user terminals for transmitting signals to said spacecraft, and for receiving signals from said spacecraft; a plurality of terrestrial gateways, for receiving signals from land lines and transmitting said signals received from land lines over uplink frequency bands to said spacecraft, and for receiving signals over downlink frequency bands from said spacecraft, and for coupling to land lines at least some of said signals received from said spacecraft, each of said gateways including means for accepting communications from a user terminal over an identified communication channel; a spacecraft including a transmitting/receiving arrangement, and an antenna arrangement coupled to said transmitting/receiving arrangement, which antenna arrangement generates a plurality of spot beams, each in a different direction, so that each beam overlies a different terrestrial footprint, for receiving a plurality of carriers at different frequencies lying within one of said uplink frequency bands, and for converting at least some of said plurality of carriers to a different frequency lying within a downlink frequency band, and for transmitting each of said downlink frequency bands on a particular one of said spot beams, whereby said spacecraft can communicate with gateways and user terminals by way of antenna beams associated with footprints within which said gateways and user terminals, respectively, lie; at least some of said user terminals further including data storage means preloaded with said Country Code and Mobile Network Code of a Subscriber International Mobile Subscriber Identity, which identify the country of the subscriber's network provider and the identity of said subscriber 's network provider, respectively, said user terminal further including a source of called party number, said called party number further including a Country Code and at least a National Destination Code, said user terminal further including transmitting/receiving means for transmitting to a network control means, by way of said spacecraft, when a particular called party is selected by means of said source of called party number, an access request including access cause information identifying (a) the cause as a normal call originating from the user terminal, and (b) said Country Code and, if appropriate, National Destination Code of the called party, said user terminal further including means for initiating a call to a gateway over a communication channel identified by said network control means; said network control means being coupled to said spacecraft and to at least some of said gateways by way of said spacecraft, said network control means including a memory preloaded with information linking each combination of said Country Code and, if applicable, said National Destination Code, to a single gateway, said network control means further including gateway selection means, responsive to said cause being a normal call, for addressing said memory with information derived from said Country Code and said National Destination Code, for retrieving the identity of said single gateway linked to one of (a) said Country Code alone, and (b) the combination of said Country Code and said National Destination Code, and for selecting a communication channel for communication between said single gateway and said user terminal, said network control means further including means for transmitting to said single gateway and to said user terminal the identity of said communication channel, whereby said user terminal initiates communication with said single gateway over said selected communication channel.
 2. A communication system according to claim 1, wherein:said user terminal transmitting/receiving means includes means for transmitting to said network control means, by way of said spacecraft, when a particular called party is selected by means of said source of called party number, an access request including access cause information identifying (a) the cause as an local emergency call originating from the user terminal, and (b) said Country Code and, if appropriate, National Destination Code of the called party; and said gateway selection means is further responsive to said local emergency call for addressing said memory with information derived from said Country Code and said National Destination Code, for retrieving the identity of said single gateway linked to one of (a) said Country Code alone, and (b) the combination of said Country Code and said National Destination Code, and for selecting a communication channel for communication between said single gateway and said user terminal, as in the case of a normal call.
 3. A spacecraft cellular communication system, comprising;a plurality of terrestrial user terminals for transmitting signals to said spacecraft, and for receiving signals from said spacecraft; a plurality of terrestrial gateways, for receiving signals from land lines and transmitting said signals received from land lines over uplink frequency bands to said spacecraft, and for receiving signals over downlink frequency bands from said spacecraft, and for coupling to land lines at least some of said signals received from said spacecraft, each of said gateways including means for accepting communications from a user terminal over an identified communication channel; a spacecraft including a transmitting/receiving arrangement, and an antenna arrangement coupled to said transmitting/receiving arrangement, which antenna arrangement generates a plurality of spot beams, each in a different direction, so that each beam overlies a different terrestrial footprint, for receiving a plurality of carriers at different frequencies lying within one of said uplink frequency bands, and for converting at least some of said plurality of carriers to a different frequency lying within a downlink frequency band, and for transmitting each of said downlink frequency bands on a particular one of said spot beams, whereby said spacecraft can communicate with gateways and user terminals by way of antenna beams associated with footprints within which said gateways and user terminals, respectively, lie; at least some of said user terminals further including data storage means preloaded with said Country Code and Mobile Network Code of a Subscriber International Mobile Subscriber Identity, which identify the country of the subscriber's network provider and the identity of said subscriber's network provider, respectively, said user terminal further including a source of called party number, said called party number further including a Country Code and at least a National Destination Code, said user terminal further including transmitting/receiving means for transmitting to a network control means, by way of said spacecraft, when a particular called party is selected by means of said source of called party number, an access request including access cause information identifying (a) the cause as a normal call originating from the user terminal, and (b) said Country Code and, if appropriate, National Destination Code of the called party, said user terminal further including means for initiating a call to a gateway over a communication channel identified by said network control means; said network control means being coupled to said spacecraft and to at least some of said gateways by way of said spacecraft, said network control means including a memory preloaded with information linking each combination of said Country Code and, if applicable, said National Destination Code, to a single gateway, said network control means further including gateway selection means, responsive to said cause being a normal call, for addressing said memory with information derived from said Country Code and said National Destination Code, for retrieving the identity of said single gateway linked to one of (a) said Country Code alone, and (b) the combination of said Country Code and said National Destination Code, and for selecting a communication channel for communication between said single gateway and said user terminal, said network control means further including means for transmitting to said single gateway and to said user terminal the identity of said communication channel, whereby said user terminal initiates communication with said single gateway over said selected communication channel.
 4. A spacecraft cellular communication system, comprising;a plurality of terrestrial user terminals for transmitting signals to said spacecraft, and for receiving signals from said spacecraft; a plurality of terrestrial gateways, for receiving signals from land lines and transmitting said signals received from land lines over uplink frequency bands to said spacecraft, and for receiving signals over downlink frequency bands from said spacecraft, and for coupling to land lines at least some of said signals received from said spacecraft, each of said gateways including means for accepting communications from a user terminal over an identified communication channel; a spacecraft including a transmitting/receiving arrangement, and an antenna arrangement coupled to said transmitting/receiving arrangement, which antenna arrangement generates a plurality of spot beams, each in a different direction, so that each beam overlies a different terrestrial footprint, for receiving a plurality of carriers at different frequencies lying within one of said uplink frequency bands, and for converting at least some of said plurality of carriers to a different frequency lying within a downlink frequency band, and for transmitting each of said downlink frequency bands on a particular one of said spot beams, whereby said spacecraft can communicate with gateways and user terminals by way of antenna beams associated with footprints within which said gateways and user terminals, respectively, lie; at least some of said user terminals further including data storage means preloaded with said Country Code and Mobile Network Code of a Subscriber International Mobile Subscriber Identity, which identify the country of the subscriber's network provider and the identity of said subscriber's network provider, respectively, said user terminal further including a source of called party number, said called party number further including a Country Code and at least a National Destination Code, said user terminal further including transmitting/receiving means for transmitting to a network control means, by way of said spacecraft, when a particular called party is selected by means of said source of called party number, an access request including access cause information identifying (a) the cause as a normal call originating from the user terminal, and (b) said Country Code and, if appropriate, National Destination Code of the called party, said user terminal further including means for initiating a call to a gateway over a communication channel identified by said network control means; said network control means being coupled to said spacecraft and to at least some of said gateways by way of said spacecraft, said network control means including a memory preloaded with information linking each combination of said Country Code and, if applicable, said National Destination Code, to a single gateway, said network control means further including gateway selection means, responsive to said cause being a normal call, for addressing said memory with information derived from said Country Code and said National Destination Code, for retrieving the identity of said single gateway linked to one of (a) said Country Code alone, and (b) the combination of said Country Code and said National Destination Code, and for selecting a communication channel for communication between said single gateway and said user terminal, said network control means further including means for transmitting to said single gateway and to said user terminal the identity of said communication channel, whereby said user terminal initiates communication with said single gateway over said selected communication channel.
 5. A communication system according to claim 1, wherein:said user terminal transmitting/receiving means includes means for transmitting to said network control means, by way of said spacecraft, when a particular called party is selected by means of said source of called party number, an access request including access cause information identifying (a) the cause as an local emergency call originating from the user terminal, and (b) said Country Code and, if appropriate, National Destination Code of the called party; and said gateway selection means is further responsive to said local emergency call for addressing said memory with information derived from said Country Code and said National Destination Code, for retrieving the identity of said single gateway linked to one of (a) said Country Code alone, and (b) the combination of said Country Code and said National Destination Code, and for selecting a communication channel for communication between said single gateway and said user terminal, as in the case of a normal call. 